{"id":2308,"date":"2018-03-26T08:45:18","date_gmt":"2018-03-26T08:45:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cnls.sn\/?post_type=nos_actualites&p=2308"},"modified":"2018-03-26T08:45:18","modified_gmt":"2018-03-26T08:45:18","slug":"vaccin-contre-le-sida-la-communaute-scientifique-optimiste","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnls.sn\/?p=2308","title":{"rendered":"VACCIN CONTRE LE SIDA : La communaut\u00e9 scientifique optimiste"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les vaccins contre le VIH\/Sida ne sont plus hors de port\u00e9e, estime aujourd\u2019hui la communaut\u00e9 scientifique. Vaccins pr\u00e9ventifs ou th\u00e9rapeutiques, les essais se multiplient sur plusieurs fronts.\u00a0Le point avec le Pr Jean-Daniel Leli\u00e8vre, chercheur Inserm \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Henri Mondor et au labo d\u2019excellence VRI \u00a0dans une interview accord\u00e9e au site d\u2019actualit\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais Ouest-France,<\/span><\/p>\n

Pourquoi est-il si compliqu\u00e9 d\u2019obtenir un vaccin contre le VIH\/Sida\u2009?<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e9j\u00e0, le syst\u00e8me s\u2019attaque au syst\u00e8me immunitaire et le rend moins efficace (alors que le syst\u00e8me immunitaire, notamment, doit combattre les virus). De plus, il se r\u00e9plique tr\u00e8s vite et mute (se modifie) tr\u00e8s vite. On peut \u00eatre infect\u00e9 par seulement quelques exemplaires du virus. Mais tr\u00e8s vite, le syst\u00e8me immunitaire doit se d\u00e9fendre non pas contre un virus mais contre des variantes \u00a0du virus. On s\u2019est aper\u00e7u qu\u2019on ne conna\u00eet pas de gens infect\u00e9s qui, spontan\u00e9ment, ont pu se d\u00e9barrasser du virus. Contrairement \u00e0 d\u2019autres infections, comme l\u2019h\u00e9patite B<\/span>.<\/p>\n

Quelles sont les strat\u00e9gies pour obtenir un vaccin contre le VIH\u2009?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Il faut distinguer les vaccins pr\u00e9ventifs<\/span>\u2009qui emp\u00eacheraient l\u2019infection, et les vaccins th\u00e9rapeutiques<\/span>, qui soignent l\u2019infection. Dans tous les cas, on va stimuler le syst\u00e8me immunitaire avec quelque chose qui ressemble au virus, mais qui n\u2019est pas le virus lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n

Dans le cadre d\u2019un vaccin pr\u00e9ventif, cela passe par ce qu\u2019on appelle par la simulation d\u2019anticorps, des prot\u00e9ines synth\u00e9tis\u00e9es par des cellules appel\u00e9es lymphocytes B<\/span>. Leur principal m\u00e9canisme d\u2019action est d\u2019emp\u00eacher un virus d\u2019entrer dans la cellule et l\u2019infecter.<\/p>\n

Dans le cadre d\u2019un vaccin th\u00e9rapeutique, on va stimuler d\u2019autres cellules, les lymphocytes T<\/span> pour aller d\u00e9truire les cellules infect\u00e9es et les emp\u00eacher de produire des virus (un virus \u00ab<\/p>\n

Une troisi\u00e8me population de malades est elle aussi tr\u00e8s int\u00e9ressante, ceux qu\u2019on appelle contr\u00f4leurs post-traitement. Ce sont des gens trait\u00e9s tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t apr\u00e8s l\u2019infection. S\u2019ils sont trait\u00e9s assez longtemps, 5 \u00e0 10 ans, 20\u2009%<\/span> d\u2019entre eux contr\u00f4lent la r\u00e9plication du virus, mais d\u2019une fa\u00e7on diff\u00e9rente des \u00e9lites contr\u00f4leurs. Cela confirme qu\u2019il est important de d\u00e9pister et de traiter tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t, avant que le syst\u00e8me immunitaire soit affaibli par le virus.<\/p>\n

.Quels sont les essais sur l\u2019homme les plus avanc\u00e9s actuellement\u2009?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Celles d\u2019un vaccin plus classique. Avec des prot\u00e9ines mimant le virus. L\u2019essai RV 144 ou essai tha\u00ef (en 2009)<\/span>, a montr\u00e9 qu\u2019en utilisant une combinaison de vaccins on avait une protection de 35\u2009% dans des populations tr\u00e8s \u00e0 risque, mais avec une perte au cours du temps de la protection vaccinale.<\/p>\n

Ce type de vaccins est plus simple et pourrait \u00eatre une premi\u00e8re approche de vaccination de masse, dans les pays \u00e0 l\u2019incidence importante. M\u00eame s\u2019il ne marchait qu\u2019\u00e0 50\u2009% ce serait un grand pas. Il y a un grand essai de ce type en Afrique du Sud. Avec un peu plus d\u2019injections, ils esp\u00e8rent justement arriver \u00e0 50.<\/span><\/p>\n

Dans un premier temps, on aura sans doute un vaccin qui n\u2019est efficace qu\u2019\u00e0 50\u2009%. Il peut \u00eatre utile dans les pays ou l\u2019end\u00e9mie est importante ou pour les populations tr\u00e8s \u00e0 risque. Pour la piste des anticorps \u00e0 large spectre, on en est aux premiers r\u00e9sultats chez l\u2019animal mais les r\u00e9sultats sont int\u00e9ressants. Il est difficile de faire des pr\u00e9dictions. Il y a une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es, on \u00e9tait dans le noir, sans perspectives. L\u00e0, on a des perspectives s\u00e9rieuses et on peut y arriver avec les techniques actuelles.<\/span><\/p>\n

Avec Ouest-France<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les vaccins contre le VIH\/Sida ne sont plus hors de port\u00e9e, estime aujourd\u2019hui la communaut\u00e9 scientifique. Vaccins pr\u00e9ventifs ou th\u00e9rapeutiques, les essais se multiplient sur plusieurs fronts.\u00a0Le point avec le Pr Jean-Daniel Leli\u00e8vre, chercheur Inserm \u00e0 l\u2019h\u00f4pital Henri Mondor et au labo d\u2019excellence VRI \u00a0dans une interview accord\u00e9e au site d\u2019actualit\u00e9 fran\u00e7ais Ouest-France, Pourquoi est-il[…]\n","protected":false},"author":14,"featured_media":2318,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2308","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-actualite"],"yoast_head":"\nVACCIN CONTRE LE SIDA : La communaut\u00e9 scientifique optimiste - CNLS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cnls.sn\/?p=2308\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"VACCIN CONTRE LE SIDA : La communaut\u00e9 scientifique optimiste - CNLS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les vaccins contre le VIH\/Sida ne sont plus hors de port\u00e9e, estime aujourd\u2019hui la communaut\u00e9 scientifique. 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